Maad Rayan Publishing Company Biomedical Research Bulletin 2980-9924 2 1 2024 03 29 Stem Cells and Exosomes in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature 37 44 10.34172/biomedrb.2024.06 EN Nasrin Abolhasanpour https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2606-5772 Fatemehsadat Syedaghamiri Mojgan Rajabi Mojtaba Ziaee Leila Hosseini https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4203-4618 REVIEW 10.34172/biomedrb.2024.06 2023 03 08 2023 03 18 Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) remains a global public health problem, with increasing incidence which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The duration of blood flow deprivation is a critical risk factor in conditions such as myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, solid organ transplantation, and hemorrhagic shock. From a pathophysiological perspective, IRI leads to numerous architectural, cellular, and metabolic changes in tissues. Moreover, local and systemic inflammation occurs after reperfusion of ischemic tissue. Clinically, the treatment of cases with IRI is frequently restricted to supportive maneuvers, with no exact target-oriented therapies validated so far. Recent research reveals the efficacy of stem cells as a promising therapeutic approach. Additionally, exosomes have been suggested to exert a significant impact on the stimulation of useful signaling pathways in different cardiovascular diseases. This review provided an overview of the new treatment strategies such as stem cell therapy (SCT) and exosome-based treatments for improving myocardial IRI.