Sanam Nami, Mahta Hashemzadeh Mohtasham, Saba Pourmahmoud, Sana Baradari, Ainaz Zamani, Hamid Morovati
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Abstract
Yeast and filamentous forms are the usual morphological classifications for fungi, which are heterotrophic eukaryotes. Inhaling spores or tiny yeast cells exposes individuals to most of the fungi found in the environment. Fungi are highly skilled in detecting their environment and reacting to signals that help them survive in shifting conditions. They can therefore form symbiotic, commensal, latent, or harmful partnerships with humans, animals, or plants in a variety of ways. Fungal diseases are a significant paradigm in immunology because they can be caused by either an overactive inflammatory response or a lack of detection by the immune system. The degree of cellular localization and receptor cooperativity, in addition to the relative degree of activation of each particular receptor, will determine the immunological response. Numerous substances that are powerful modulators of the host inflammatory response are produced by fungi. Fungal adaptation and opportunism are facilitated by the ability of fungi to evade inflammation by disguising or manipulating the host detection systems. The fungal cell wall is a dynamic structure, remodeled during growth and morphological changes, that shapes immune recognition. This review integrates current progress in fungal immunology with evolving perspectives on host-directed immunotherapy and immune dysregulation.